To place the proposed methods in a familiar context, data were compared with the mean texture depth (MTD) calculated by the widely used volumetric method.

In this study, two hand-portable methods based on widely available consumer-grade technology were tested across a range of pavement conditions. New imaging technologies potentially offer a substantial improvement over current methods. Road managers require convenient, inexpensive methods to quickly assess pavement conditions over large areas.

Through the analysis of the measurement of detectors to present the data is greatly influenced by the several conditions of rainfall, factor of rainfall and rainfall type. This is shown in the rainfall test as a support for a standing water detector on the runway where the average wind speed of 5.14 m/s during the test on the runway. By placing a rainfall sensor and a standing water detector, it can detect the effect of rainfall in detecting standing water on the runway. To be able to determine the potential for inundation, sensors are needed to measure three parameters rainfall, rain intensity, and standing water detection. The existence of water on the runway cannot be separate from the role of rain as a source of water that inundates the runway. According to The National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), 32% of flight accidents in Indonesia were caused by a slippery runway. The existence of puddles on the runway can cause problems for aircraft, such as slip due to low friction. The need for knowledge about the presence of water on the runway is very urgent to be a concern. Finally, current short-comings and future research directions are pointed out thus emphasizing the great potential of (laser-based) surface texturing methods for innovations in modern surface engineering. Special emphasis in this section is laid on the involved mechanisms responsible for friction increase. Then, the potential of surface textures to increase friction in different applications including adhesion, movement transmission and control, biomimetic applications, and road-tire contacts is critically discussed. After a brief general introduction, the recent trends and future paths in laser surface texturing are summarized. Therefore, this review aims at presenting the state-of-the-art regarding textured surfaces for high-friction purposes. Apart from the ability of surface texturing to reduce friction, surface textures can also be used to intentionally increase friction in various applications that rely on friction for their adequate functioning. Surface textures with micro-scale feature dimensions still hold great potential to enhance the frictional performance of tribological systems. The effects of different factors, such as velocity, wear ratio, runway type, water film depth, and slip ratio, on the skid resistance of the runway were analyzed. A comparison of hydroplaning speed was conducted between numerical simulation and former experiments. A finite element model was developed by considering a real rough runway surface and different water film depths (3, 7, and 10 mm). Kinematic friction models were established based on the viscoelastic property of rubber materials, power spectrum density, and statistics of surface textures. Surface texture deterioration was simulated using a surface texture wear algorithm. Accordingly, this study investigated three types of asphalt runways (SMA-13, AC-13, and OGFC-13). Worn-out surfaces along with wet conditions increase the risk of poor control during aircraft landing. Additionally, when an aircraft lands on a wet runway at a high velocity, the hydrodynamic force causes the tires to detach from the runway surface, which is risky and may lead to the loss of aircraft control and runway excursion. However, the runway surface texture is deteriorated by cyclic loading and environmental effects during the service life of a runway, leading to loss of braking force and extension of landing distance. The mechanism underlying friction force generation is the energy dissipation of tire rubber materials during random excitation induced by asperities. The friction force for aircraft landing is mainly provided by the texture of runway surfaces.

Wet road texture